Amazing Facts of Mapmaking.....

                          Mapmaking

                               

Mapmaking involves accurate measurement. Today almost every inch of Earth's land area has been mapped-some areas in greater detail than others. Oceans and seafloors have been extensively charted, too, though generally in less detail than the land. Maps must also bo continuosly revised to reflect changes in boundaries, place-names, human structures, and natural phenomena.

Surveying in the board sence is the science of determining the exact size, shape, and location of a given land or undersea area. Some surveying still is done on the ground using mathematical methods such as triangulation and traditional instruments such as theodolites and tellurometers-or their electronic equivalants.

Mapping coasts and charging the open seas involves another set of measuring techniques that use some of the same mathematical methods as land-based surveying. Data gathering also relieves on instruments that have enabled navigators and cartographers to take readings of celestial bodies to determine location and distance.

• Maps tell Stories

                            

Maps reveal a lot about their makers. Cartographers may often favor their own countries or regions in map portrayals. On his 1402 world map, chinese cartographer-using maps to create an impression, prove a point, or promote propaganda. Propaganda maps proliferated during World Wars I and II and in the intervening years, as well as during the cold war. Such maps still are being created, but broader access to worldwide information makes it more difficult to sustain such false impressions.

• Time-Tested Mapmaking Instruments

                                         

THE MAGNETIC COMPASS was perfected at the end of the 13th century and, paired with a card bearing cardinal directions, allowed for the development of nautical sailing charts and, in later years, terrestrial maps.

                                         

TELESCOPES were not invented by Galileo, but he was likely the first to use one for astronomical observations. Newton's telescope used mirrors and reflected light. Now astronomers view a screen or photograph.

                                          

THE ASTROLABE orginated in the sixth century as a tool to tell time and observe the heavens. Medieval astrolabes helped calculate the position of the sun and stars with respect to the horizon and the meridian.

                                 

A SEXTANT measues the angle between the horizon and a celestial body in order to determine latitude and longitude. Angle readings, paired with the exact time of day, are correlated with data in published tables.

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